可重复使用热防护材料应用与研究进展

可重复使用热防护系统是为高速重复使用飞行器而发展的关键性技术,涵盖了地球大气环境及非地球大气环境下的弹道式再入、高马赫数巡航等应用场景。根据现有高马赫数飞行器热防护现状,对高马赫数飞行器的主要热防护系统类型、特点和使用场景进行了简要介绍。在此基础上,结合国外里程碑式可重复使用飞行器（X-15、SR-71、航天飞机、X-33、X-37B、Spaceliner等）,梳理了可重复使用热防护材料的应用与研究进展,论述了代表性可重复使用热防护材料的发展、性能、研制进度、特点及应用前景。对国外在可重复使用热防护材料研制中的设计及发展思路,以及所存在的主要问题进行了总结归纳,为可重复使用热防护材料未来的发展提供了思路。     

湍流控制屏声学校准及校准精度影响因素

湍流控制屏（TCS）是航空发动机风扇噪声试验必备的试验设施。由于湍流控制屏的作用,风扇前传噪声向远场传播时会产生传递损失。通过对湍流控制屏的声学校准,可以获取湍流控制屏的声学修正量,从而实现对风扇前传噪声的修正。本文结合实际工程应用条件,分析了湍流控制屏重复安装的位置精度、校准声源重复性、稳定性、校准声源位置偏差、温湿度修正等因素对湍流控制屏声学修正量精度的影响;结合上述影响因素,对湍流控制屏160 Hz~40 kHz的声学修正量的特征进行分析,总结工程应用中湍流控制屏高精度声学校准的注意事项,提出湍流控制屏的声学校准应包含测量不确定度。     

基于模型的装备维修性设计控制技术

伴随数字化设计方法日趋成熟,飞机装备维修性设计面临如何与三维数字化设计环境下功能性能设计同步的难题。对比分析了数字化环境维修性设计与传统维修性设计的主要差别,提出了基于飞机装备数字化设计环境维修性设计流程,研究了维修性设计参数的表达模型以及维修性参数信息在三维设计数字环境中的转化、集成与利用方式。基于图论和网络节点框图,提出了一种以节点网络图、单节点维修时间模型、维修过程时间模型为表征的飞机装备维修性设计与控制方法。经实例验证,提出的这套基于数字模型的维修性设计技术,对装备在数字化设计环境下同步开展维修性设计具有一定的工程指导价值。     

导流槽构型对火箭起飞时流场和声场的影响

为了研究四喷管运载火箭起飞时火箭周围噪声环境问题,建立燃气/空气双组分的可压缩流动模型,采用2阶Roe格式、SAS(scale-adaptive simulation)湍流模型和声学类比积分法Ffowcs-Williams Hawkings(FW-H)求解三维Navier-Stokes方程。以单机火箭的噪声问题为对象开展数值模拟,并将噪声数值计算结果与试验数据对比,误差在3dB以内(相对误差小于1.6%),验证预测噪声方法的有效性,进而研究四喷管运载火箭起飞阶段采用不同导流槽构型对箭体舱段区域噪声环境的影响,结果表明:在相同噪声接收点处,单侧导流槽对应的总声压级比双侧导流槽大,两者的总声压级(OASPL)之差最大为10.7dB。另外,当采用单侧导流槽时,沿周向接收点的噪声总声压相对单侧导流槽中心截面呈对称分布,而且沿导流出口方向逐渐增大。所建立的噪声数值方法为大推力捆绑运载火箭舱段的噪声环境预测及其控制提供一定参考。     

Numerical analysis and optimization of boundary layer suction on airfoils

Numerical approach of hybrid laminar flow control(HLFC) is investigated for the suction hole with a width between 0.5 mm and 7 mm. The accuracy of Menter and Langtry’s transition model applied for simulating the flow with boundary layer suction is validated. The experiment data are compared with the computational results. The solutions show that this transition model can predict the transition position with suction control accurately. A well designed laminar airfoil is selected in the present research. For suction control with a single hole, the physical mechanism of suction control, including the impact of suction coefficient and the width and position of the suction hole on control results, is analyzed. The single hole simulation results indicate that it is favorable for transition delay and drag reduction to increase the suction coefficient and set the hole position closer to the trailing edge properly. The modified radial basis function(RBF) neural network and the modified differential evolution algorithm are used to optimize the design for suction control with three holes. The design variables are suction coefficient, hole width, hole position and hole spacing. The optimization target is to obtain the minimum drag coefficient. After optimization,the transition delay can be up to 17% and the aerodynamic drag coefficient can decrease by 12.1%.     

Specific grinding energy and surface roughness of nanoparticle jet minimum quantity lubrication in grinding

Nanoparticles with the anti-wear and friction reducing features were applied as cooling lubricant in the grinding fluid. Dry grinding, flood grinding, minimal quantity of lubrication（MQL）, and nanoparticle jet MQL were used in the grinding experiments. The specific grinding energy of dry grinding, flood grinding and MQL were 84, 29.8, 45.5 J/mm³, respectively. The specific grinding energy significantly decreased to 32.7 J/mm³ in nanoparticle MQL. Compared with dry grinding, the surface roughness values of flood grinding, MQL, and nanoparticle jet MQL were significantly reduced with the surface topography profile values reduced by 11%, 2.5%, and 10%,respectively, and the ten point height of microcosmic unflatness values reduced by 1.5%, 0.5%,and 1.3%, respectively. These results verified the satisfactory lubrication effects of nanoparticle MQL. MoS₂, carbon nanotube（CNT）, and ZrO₂ nanoparticles were also added in the grinding fluid of nanoparticle jet MQL to analyze their grinding surface lubrication effects. The specific grinding energy of MoS₂ nanoparticle was only 32.7 J/mm³, which was 8.22% and 10.39% lower than those of the other two nanoparticles. Moreover, the surface roughness of workpiece was also smaller with MoS₂ nanoparticle, which indicated its remarkable lubrication effects. Furthermore,the role of MoS₂ particles in the grinding surface lubrication at different nanoparticle volume concentrations was analyzed. MoS₂ volume concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% were used.Experimental results revealed that the specific grinding energy and the workpiece surface roughness initially increased and then decreased as MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration increased.Satisfactory grinding surface lubrication effects were obtained with 2% MoS₂ nanoparticle volume concentration.     

机载燃油惰化技术及标准研究

针对目前广泛应用于飞机燃油箱起火和爆炸防护的机载燃油惰化系统,详述了国外机载燃油惰化技术的发展历程,并介绍了国内发展现状,提出影响机载燃油惰化系统设计的关键因素。在此基础上,简述了国内外标准情况,提出了制定我国机载燃油惰化系统标准的建议。     

三维数模随动下的机翼结构重量优化

目前,基于快速建模下的重量重心估算系统得到了快速发展。为了进一步提高结构重量估算精度,研究了如何在重量重心快速分析(WCGA)系统环境中构建优化模块。以机翼结构重量优化为例,提出优化流程,对优化模块功能进行分解,给出模型简化要求。以A320飞机机翼为例,对梁和长桁进行优化,结果显示,经过优化,有效减轻了结构重量,且相比于传统的减重优化设计方法,极大提高了计算效率。     

航天测控系统自主运行的关键技术

航天事业发展趋势和未来需求指明,航天测控系统应该向以自主运行能力为代表特征的智能化方向发展。基于此,提出了标准化的支持与服务、映射现实的体系架构、实时响应的运行模式、服务化的基础平台等4项关键技术。通过将测控系统和卫星系统之间的接口、测控系统和用户系统之间的接口标准化,从而在此基础上建立最优化的操作逻辑。通过在计算机中映射现实系统的思想方法,从而产生稳定性和灵活性兼备的、支持自主运行的,并具有良好进化性能的系统架构。通过实时响应的运行模式可以很好满足全时段和突发性等具有挑战性的测控服务需求。通过大数据和云计算技术构建基础计算服务平台实现基础层与业务层分离,有利于整个系统的持续改进,提高服务质量改善的速度,建立竞争力优势。由此说明,在当前技术条件下实现自主运行的航天测控系统是可行的。     

直扩测控系统抗多址能力分析与验证

为了防止多址干扰造成接收机出现误捕和假锁,改善直接序列扩频测控系统抗多址干扰性能,在Gold码特性和扩频接收机性能分析的基础上,结合最大似然原理,对采用扩频体制测控系统的抗干扰能力进行了分析。为契合工程应用,采用仿真遍历结合理论分析的方式,对Gold码的互相关抑制能力理论值进行了工程修正。在分析捕获阶段的抗干扰捕获门限后,还分析了载噪比估计结果在正常锁定和假锁两种状态下的差异,给出了接收机对假锁状态的判决方法和门限。根据分析和仿真的结果,给出了系统设计约束条件和优化的接收机设计流程,作为测控系统和接收机设计的参考。